 |
 |
|
|
|
 |
University 大学
A university (often shortened to uni, especially by students) is an institution of higher education and research, which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects. A university provides both undergraduate education and postgraduate education. The word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, roughly meaning "community of teachers and scholars".The original Latin word "universitas", first used in time of renewed interest in Classical Greek and Roman tradition, tried to reflect this feature of the Academy of Plato (established 385 BC). The term "academia" is sometimes extended to a number of educational institutions of non-Western antiquity, including China, India and Persia:
* Academies such as Shang Hsiang, and later Taixue and Guozijian, succeeded by the medieval Academies of Classical Learning
* Taxila in Gandhara and the Buddhist Nalanda University in Bihar, India (5th century BC)
* The Sassanid Academy of Gundishapur was founded in the 5th century in Persia/Iran.
The University of Constantinople, founded as an institution of higher learning in 425 and reorganized as a corporation of students in 849 by the regent Bardas of emperor Michael III, is considered by some to be the earliest institution of higher learning with some of the characteristics we associate today with a university (research and teaching, auto-administration, academic independence, et cetera). If a university is defined as "an institution of higher learning" then it is preceded by several others, including the Academy that it was founded to compete with and eventually replaced. If the original meaning of the word is considered "a corporation of students" then this could be the first example of such an institution.
If the definition of a university is assumed to mean an institution of higher education and research which issues academic degrees at all levels (bachelor, master and doctorate) like in the modern sense of the word, then the medieval Madrasahs known as Jami'ah ("university" in Arabic) founded in the 9th century would be the first examples of such an institution.The University of Al Karaouine in Fez, Morocco is thus recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the oldest degree-granting university in the world with its founding in 859 by Fatima al-Fihri. Also in the 9th century, Bimaristan medical schools were founded in the medieval Islamic world, where medical degrees and diplomas were issued to students of Islamic medicine who were qualified to be a practicing Doctor of Medicine. Al-Azhar University, founded in Cairo, Egypt in 975, was a Jami'ah university which offered a variety of post-graduate degrees (Ijazah), and had individual faculties for a theological seminary, Islamic law and jurisprudence, Arabic grammar, Islamic astronomy, early Islamic philosophy, and logic in Islamic philosophy.
大学（しばしば、特に学生によって、大学に短くなる）は高等教育と研究の制度です。そして、それはいろいろな主語で学位を与えます。大学は、学部の教育と大学卒業後の教育を提供します。語大学はscholariumに小ラテンのuniversitas magistrorumに由来します。そして、「先生と学者のコミュニティ」をざっと意味します。原物のラテンの語「universitas」（古典ギリシア語とローマの伝統に対する一新された関心の時には使われる最初）は、プラトン（紀元前385年に確立される）のAcademyのこの特徴を反映しようとしました。学期「学界」は、時々中国、インドとペルシャを含む非西洋の古代のいくつかの教育機関まで広げられます：*アカデミー（例えば商Hsiangと後のTaixueとGuozijian）は、ビハール（Gundishapurのササン朝Academyがペルシャ/イランで5世紀め設立されたインド（紀元前5世紀）*）で、ガンダーラと仏教Nalanda大学で古典交響曲Learning * Taxilaの中世のAcademiesによって成功しました。コンスタンチノープル（425の高等教育の制度として創立されて、皇帝ミカエル３世の摂政の地位にあるBardasによる849の学生の会社として再編成される）大学は、いくつかによって、我々が今日大学（研究と教育、自動管理、アカデミックな独立、その他）を連想する特徴のいくらかによる高等教育で最も初期の施設であると考えられます。大学が「高等教育の制度」と定義されるならば、それはそれが競争するために設立されたAcademyを含む数人の他の人によって先行されて、結局代わられます。語の原義が「学生の会社」と考えられるならば、これはそのような機関の最初の例であることができます。9世紀に設立されるJami'ah（アラビア語の「大学」）がそのようなinstitution.The FezのアルKaraouine大学の最初の例で大学の定義がすべてのレベル（独身者、支配者と博士号）の問題学位が語の現代の意味で合う高等教育と研究の制度、そして知られている中世のMadrasahsを意味するとされるならば、モロッコはこのようにギネスブックによってそれがファティマアルFihriによって859で建つことによる世界で最も古い程度を与えている大学と認められます。9世紀にも、Bimaristan医学部は中世のイスラム世界で設立されました、そこで、医学程度と卒業証書は活動しているMedicine博士である能力があったイスラム医療の学生に支給されました。アルAzhar大学は、カイロで建ちました、975のエジプト、いろいろな大学卒業後の程度（Ijazah）を提供したJami'ah大学で、そして、神学上の神学校、イスラム法と法律学のための個々の能力、アラビア語文法、イスラム天文学、初期のイスラム哲学とイスラム哲学の論理を持ちました。
|
|
Information
Information as a concept has a diversity of meanings, from everyday usage to technical settings. Generally speaking, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, mental stimulus, pattern, perception, and representation.
Many people speak about the Information Age as the advent of the Knowledge Age[citation needed][weasel words] or knowledge society, the information society, the Information revolution, and information technologies, and even though informatics, information science and computer science are often in the spotlight, the word "information" is often used without careful consideration of the various meanings it has acquired.Etymology
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the earliest historical meaning of the word information in English was the act of informing, or giving form or shape to the mind, as in education, instruction, or training. A quote from 1387: "Five books come down from heaven for information of mankind." It was also used for an item of training, e.g. a particular instruction. "Melibee had heard the great skills and reasons of Dame Prudence, and her wise information and techniques." (1386)
The English word was apparently derived by adding the common "noun of action" ending "-ation" (descended through French from Latin "-tio") to the earlier verb to inform, in the sense of to give form to the mind, to discipline, instruct, teach: "Men so wise should go and inform their kings." (1330) Inform itself comes (via French) from the Latin verb informare, to give form to, to form an idea of. Furthermore, Latin itself already even contained the word informatio meaning concept or idea, but the extent to which this may have influenced the development of the word information in English is unclear.
As a final note, the ancient Greek word for form was ε?δο? eidos, and this word was famously used in a technical philosophical sense by Plato (and later Aristotle) to denote the ideal identity or essence of something (see Theory of forms). "Eidos" can also be associated with thought, proposition or even concept.
from wikipedia
|
 |
|
 |
|
|
 |
|
